A study led by Vy Nguyen published in JAMA Network Open showed that when compared to Major League Baseball (MLB) players, US National Football League (NFL) players had higher all-cause, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative mortality rates.
Previous studies have demonstrated that when compared with the general population, NFL players had lower mortality rates. This evidence has been used in the media to discredit any claims surrounding the potentially harmful consequences of American football. Although mortality is lower in NFL players, they appeared to have a higher risk of neurodegenerative diseases. This is consistent with the belief that this neuropathology occurs secondary to chronic traumatic encephalopathy. However, comparing athletes to a general population may be biased as athletes are typically healthier and fitter. To help mitigate the effect of this bias, the authors sought to compare NFL players with athletes from another sport: Major league basketball.
[perfectpullquote align=”full” bordertop=”false” cite=”” link=”” color=”” class=”” size=””]“In this retrospective cohort study, we found a large and significantly elevated rate of all-cause mortality, and specifically cardiovascular and neurodegenerative mortality, among NFL players compared with MLB players. The absolute expected excess number of cardiovascular deaths among NFL players compared with MLB players was somewhat high because deaths with these conditions were common. In contrast, neurodegenerative disease–related deaths were less common. Despite a large relative increase in neurodegenerative mortality among NFL players, the absolute number of these deaths and the excess number of deaths among NFL players were still small.” – Ivy Nguyen, M.S.[/perfectpullquote]
The investigators identified two cohorts: NFL and MLB players. The NFL cohort was identified from a NFL pension fund database and consisted of 3,439 NFL players born between 1959 and 1988. The MLB cohort was identified from the Lahman Baseball Database and consisted of all MLB players who appeared in at least 5 pension credited seasons and were before between 1915 and 1965. Using the data available, hazard ratios were calculated to investigate whether mortality differed between NFL and MLB players.
By the end of the follow-up, there were 517 deaths in 106,191 person-years among 3,419 NFL players and 431 deaths in 79,828 person-years among 2,708 MLB players. Of those deaths, 73.5% and 58.7% occurred before the age of 70 among the NFL and MLB players respectively. Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions were noted as underlying or contributing causes in 498 deaths and 39 deaths in the NFL and 225 deaths and 16 deaths in the MLB. The unadjusted HR for all-cause mortality when comparing NFL and MLB players was 1.21 (95% CI 1.06 – 1.39). When compared to MLB players, NFL players had elevated adjusted rates of all-cause (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.10-1.44), cardiovascular disease (HR, 2.40; 95% CI, 2.03-2.84), and neurodegenerative disease (HR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.64-5.45) but no difference in cancer mortality rate.
In this cohort study, the investigators found an elevated rate of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and neurodegenerative mortality among NFL players. Although there was a higher rate of neurodegenerative disease-related death in the NFL group, the absolute number of deaths was still small. When discussing the difference in the incidence of neurodegenerative conditions between the two groups, Nguyen wrote, “The elevated neurodegenerative disease mortality rate we found provides some of the strongest evidence to date that factors common across elite athletes of different sports, such as physical activity,50 are unlikely to account for increased neurodegenerative disease risk seen specifically among American-style football players. Instead, sports factors are more likely the causal factors underlying this difference in risk. For instance, head trauma and repetitive head injuries, as well as many subconcussive blows, are more frequently reported in American-style football and soccer than in baseball, cycling, and basketball. Therefore, the difference in head injuries across sports could account for their differences in neurodegenerative disease risk.” Additionally, Nguyen argued that the difference in health outcome could be attributed to changes in body composition. American football players typically have a higher BMI that could possibly be the underlying factor for the increased cardiovascular mortality. The investigators emphasized the need for further studies to help delineate the biological basis for the findings observed in this study.